多元数据分析（第7版 英文版）

多元数据分析（第7版 英文版）
出版时间：2011年版
内容简介
　　《多元数据分析（英文版）（第7版）》是一本面向应用的经典多元数据分析教材，自1979年出版第1版至今，深受读者好评。《多元数据分析（英文版）（第7版）》循序渐进地介绍了各种多元统计分析方法，并通过丰富的实例演示了这些方法的应用。书中不仅涵盖多元数据分析的基本方法，而且还介绍了一些新方法，如结构方程建模和偏最小二乘法等。
目录
preface iii
about the authors v
　chapter 1 introduction: methods and model building
　　what is multivariate analysis?
　　multivariate analysis in statistical terms
　　some basic concepts of multivariate analysis
　　the variate
　　measurement scales
　　measurement error and multivariate measurement
　　statistical significance versus statistical power
　　types of statistical error and statistical power
　　impacts on statistical power
　　using power with multivariate techniques
　　a classification of multivariate techniques
　　dependence techniques
　　interdependence techniques
　　types of multivariate techniques
　　principal components and common factor analysis
　　multiple regression
　　multiple discriminant analysis and logistic regression
　　canonical correlation
　　multivariate analysis of variance and covariance
　　conjoint analysis
　　cluster analysis
　　perceptual mapping
　　correspondence analysis
　　structural equation modeling and confirmatory factoranalysis
　　guidelines for multivariate analyses and interpretation
　　establish practical significance as well as statistical
　　significance
　　recognize that sample size affects all results
　　know your data
　　strive for model parsimony
　　look at your errors
　　validate your results
　　a structured approach to multivariate model building
　　stage 1: define the research problem, objectives,
　　and multivariate technique to be used
　　stage 2: develop the analysis plan
　　stage 3: evaluate the assumptions underlying the multivariatetechnique
　　stage 4: estimate the multivariate model and assess overall modelfit
　　stage 5: interpret the variate(s)
　　stage 6: validate the multivariate model
　　a decision flowchart
　　databases
　　primary database
　　other databases
　　organization of the remaining chapters
section i: understanding and preparing for multivariateanalysis
section ii: analysis using dependence techniques
section iii: interdependence techniques
section iv: structural equations modeling
　　summary 28 . questions 30 . suggested readings
　　references
section i understanding and preparing for multivariateanalysis
　chapter 2 cleaning and transforming data
　　introduction
　　graphical examination of the data
　　univariate profiling: examining the shape of thedistribution
　　bivariate profiling: examining the relationship betweenvariables
　　bivariate profiling: examining group differences
　　multivariate profiles
　　missing data
　　the impact of missing data
　　a simple example of a missing data analysis
　　a four-step process for identifying missing data and applyingremedies
　　an illustration of missing data diagnosis with the four-stepprocess
　　outliers
　　detecting and handling outliers
　　an illustrative example of analyzing outliers
　　testing the assumptions of multivariate analysis
　　assessing individual variables versus the variate
　　four important statistical assumptions
　　data transformations
　　an illustration of testing the assumptions underlyingmultivariate analysis
　　incorporating nonmetric data with dummy variables
　　summary 88 . questions 89 . suggested readings
　　references
　chapter 3 factor analysis
　　what is factor analysis?
　　a hypothetical example of factor analysis
　　factor analysis decision process
　　stage 1: objectives of factor analysis
　　specifying the unit of analysis
　　achieving data summarization versus data reduction
　　variable selection
　　using factor analysis with other multivariate techniques
　　stage 2: designing a factor analysis
　　correlations among variables or respondents
　　variable selection and measurement issues
　　sample size
　　summary
　　stage 3: assumptions in factor analysis
　　conceptual issues
　　statistical issues
　　summary
　　stage 4: deriving factors and assessing overall fit
　　selecting the factor extraction method
　　criteria for the number of factors to extract
　　stage 5: interpreting the factors
　　the three processes of factor interpretation
　　rotation of factors
　　judging the significance of factor loadings
　　interpreting a factor matrix
　　stage 6: validation of factor analysis
　　use of a confirmatory perspective
　　assessing factor structure stability
　　detecting influential observations
　　stage 7: additional uses of factor analysis results
　　selecting surrogate variables for subsequent analysis
　　creating summated scales
　　computing factor scores
　　selecting among the three methods
　　an illustrative example
　　stage 1: objectives of factor analysis
　　stage 2: designing a factor analysis
　　stage 3: assumptions in factor analysis
　　component factor analysis: stages 4 through 7
　　common factor analysis: stages 4 and 5
　　a managerial overview of the results
　　summary 148 . questions 150 . suggested readings
　　references
section ii analysis using dependence techniques
　chapter 4 simple and multiple regression
　　what is multiple regression analysis?
　　an example of simple and multiple regression
　　prediction using a single independent variable:
　　simple regression
　　prediction using several independent variables:
　　multiple regression
　　summary
　　a decision process for multiple regression analysis
　　stage 1: objectives of multiple regression
　　research problems appropriate for multiple regression
　　specifying a statistical relationship
　　selection of dependent and independent variables
　　stage 2: research design of a multiple regression analysis
　　sample size
　　creating additional variables
　　stage 3: assumptions in multiple regression analysis
　　assessing individual variables versus the variate
　　methods of diagnosis
　　linearity of the phenomenon
　　constant variance of the error term
　　independence of the error terms
　　normality of the error term distribution
　　summary
　　stage 4: estimating the regression model and assessing overallmodel fit
　　selecting an estimation technique
　　testing the regression variate for meeting the regressionassumptions
　　examining the statistical significance of our model
　　identifying influential observations
　　stage 5: interpreting the regression variate
　　using the regression coefficients
　　assessing multicollinearity
　　stage 6: validation of the results
　　additional or split samples
　　calculating the press statistic
　　comparing regression models
　　forecasting with the model
　　illustration of a regression analysis
　　stage 1: objectives of multiple regression
　　stage 2: research design of a multiple regression analysis
　　stage 3: assumptions in multiple regression analysis
　　stage 4: estimating the regression model and assessing overallmodel fit
　　stage 5: interpreting the regression variate
　　stage 6: validating the results
　　evaluating alternative regression models
　　a managerial overview of the results
　　summary 231 . questions 234 . suggested readings
　　references
　chapter 5 canonical correlation
　　what is canonical correlation?
　　hypothetical example of canonical correlation
　　developing a variate of dependent variables
　　estimating the first canonical function
　　estimating a second canonical function
　　relationships of canonical correlation analysis to othermultivariate techniques
　　stage 1: objectives of canonical correlation analysis
　　selection of variable sets
　　evaluating research objectives
　　stage 2: designing a canonical correlation analysis
　　sample size
　　variables and their conceptual linkage
　　missing data and outliers
　　stage 3: assumptions in canonical correlation
　　linearity
　　normality
　　homoscedasticity and multicollinearity
　　stage 4: deriving the canonical functions and assessing overallfit
　　deriving canonical functions
　　which canonical functions should be interpreted?
　　stage 5: interpreting the canonical variate
　　canonical weights
　　canonical loadings
　　canonical cross-loadings
　　which interpretation approach to use
　　stage 6: validation and diagnosis
　　an illustrative example
　　stage 1: objectives of canonical correlation analysis
　　stages 2 and 3: designing a canonical correlation analysis andtesting the assumptions
?　stage 4: deriving the canonical functions and assessing overallfit
　　stage 5: interpreting the canonical variates
　　stage 6: validation and diagnosis
　　a managerial overview of the results
　　summary 258 . questions 259 . references
　chapter 6 conjoint analysis
　　what is conjoint analysis?
　　hypothetical example of conjoint analysis
　　specifying utility, factors, levels, and profiles
　　gathering preferences from respondents
　　estimating part-worths
　　determining attribute importance
　　assessing predictive accuracy
　　the managerial uses of conjoint analysis
　　comparing conjoint analysis with other multivariate methods
　　compositional versus decompositional techniques
　　specifying the conjoint variate
　　separate models for each individual
　　flexibility in types of relationships
　　designing a conjoint analysis experiment
　　stage 1: the objectives of conjoint analysis
　　defining the total utility of the object
　　specifying the determinant factors
　　stage 2: the design of a conjoint analysis
　　selecting a conjoint analysis methodology
　　designing profiles: selecting and defining factors andlevels
　　specifying the basic model form
　　data collection
　　stage 3: assumptions of conjoint analysis
　　stage 4: estimating the conjoint model and assessing overallfit
　　selecting an estimation technique
　　estimated part-worths
　　evaluating model goodness-of-fit
　　stage 5: interpreting the results
　　examining the estimated part-worths
　　assessing the relative importance of attributes
　　stage 6: validation of the conjoint results
　　managerial applications of conjoint analysis
　　segmentation
　　profitability analysis
　　conjoint simulators
　　alternative conjoint methodologies
　　adaptive/self-explicated conjoint: conjoint with
　　a large number of factors
　　choice-based conjoint: adding another touch of realism
　　overview of the three conjoint methodologies
　　an illustration of conjoint analysis
　　stage 1: objectives of the conjoint analysis
　　stage 2: design of the conjoint analysis
　　stage 3: assumptions in conjoint analysis
　　stage 4: estimating the conjoint model and assessing overallmodel fit
　　stage 5: interpreting the results
　　stage 6: validation of the results
　　a managerial application: use of a choice simulator
　　summary 327 . questions 330 . suggested readings
　　references
　chapter 7 multiple discriminant analysis and logisticregression
　　what are discriminant analysis and logistic regression?
　　discriminant analysis
　　logistic regression
　　analogy with regression and manova
　　hypothetical example of discriminant analysis
　　a two-group discriminant analysis: purchasers versusnonpurchasers
　　a geometric representation of the two-group discriminantfunction
　　a three-group example of discriminant analysis: switchingintentions
　　the decision process for discriminant analysis
　　stage 1: objectives of discriminant analysis
　　stage 2: research design for discriminant analysis
　　selecting dependent and independent variables
　　sample size
　　division of the sample
　　stage 3: assumptions of discriminant analysis
　　impacts on estimation and classification
　　impacts on interpretation
　　stage 4: estimation of the discriminant model and assessingoverall fit
　　selecting an estimation method
　　statistical significance
　　assessing overall model fit
　　casewise diagnostics
　　stage 5: interpretation of the results
　　discriminant weights
　　discriminant loadings
　　partial f values
　　interpretation of two or more functions
　　which interpretive method to use?
　　stage 6: validation of the results
　　validation procedures
　　profiling group differences
　　a two-group illustrative example
　　stage 1: objectives of discriminant analysis
　　stage 2: research design for discriminant analysis
　　stage 3: assumptions of discriminant analysis
　　stage 4: estimation of the discriminant model and assessingoverall fit
　　stage 5: interpretation of the results
　　stage 6: validation of the results
　　a managerial overview
　　a three-group illustrative example
　　stage 1: objectives of discriminant analysis
　　stage 2: research design for discriminant analysis
　　stage 3: assumptions of discriminant analysis
　　stage 4: estimation of the discriminant model and assessingoverall fit
　　stage 5: interpretation of three-group discriminant analysisresults
　　stage 6: validation of the discriminant results
　　a managerial overview
　　logistic regression: regression with a binary dependentvariable
　　representation of the binary dependent variable
　　sample size
　　estimating the logistic regression model
　　assessing the goodness-of-fit of the estimation model
　　testing for significance of the coefficients
　　interpreting the coefficients
　　calculating probabilities for a specific value of the independentvariable
　　overview of interpreting coefficients
　　summary
　　an illustrative example of logistic regression
　　stages 1, 2, and 3: research objectives, research design, andstatistical assumptions
　　stage 4: estimation of the logistic regression model andassessing overall fit
　　stage 5: interpretation of the results
　　stage 6: validation of the results
　　a managerial overview
　　summary 434 . questions 437 . suggested readings
　　references
　chapter 8 anova and manova
　　manova: extending univariate methods for assessing groupdifferences
　　multivariate procedures for assessing group differences
　　a hypothetical illustration of manova
　　analysis design
　　differences from discriminant analysis
　　forming the variate and assessing differences
　　a decision process for manova
　　stage 1: objectives of manova
　　when should we use manova?
　　types of multivariate questions suitable for manova
　　selecting the dependent measures
　　stage 2: issues in the research design of manova
　　sample size requirements—overall and by group
　　factorial designs—two or more treatments
　　using covariates—ancova and mancova
　　manova counterparts of other anova designs
　　a special case of manova: repeated measures
　　stage 3: assumptions of anova and manova
　　independence
　　equality of variance–covariance matrices
　　normality
　　linearity and multicollinearity among the dependentvariables
　　sensitivity to outliers
　　stage 4: estimation of the manova model and assessing overallfit
　　estimation with the general linear model
　　criteria for significance testing
　　statistical power of the multivariate tests
　　stage 5: interpretation of the manova results
　　evaluating covariates
　　assessing effects on the dependent variate
　　identifying differences between individual groups
　　assessing significance for individual dependent variables
　　stage 6: validation of the results
　　summary
　　illustration of a manova analysis
　　example 1: difference between two independent groups
　　stage 1: objectives of the analysis
　　stage 2: research design of the manova
　　stage 3: assumptions in manova
　　stage 4: estimation of the manova model and assessing the overallfit
　　stage 5: interpretation of the results
　　example 2: difference between k independent groups
　　stage 1: objectives of the manova
　　stage 2: research design of manova
　　stage 3: assumptions in manova
　　stage 4: estimation of the manova model and assessing overallfit
　　stage 5: interpretation of the results
　　example 3: a factorial design for manova with two independentvariables
　　stage 1: objectives of the manova
　　stage 2: research design of the manova
　　stage 3: assumptions in manova
　　stage 4: estimation of the manova model and assessing overallfit
　　stage 5: interpretation of the results
　　summary
　　a managerial overview of the results
　　summary 498 . questions 500 . suggested readings
　　references
section iii analysis using interdependence techniques
　chapter 9 grouping data with cluster analysis
　　what is cluster analysis?
　　cluster analysis as a multivariate technique
　　conceptual development with cluster analysis
　　necessity of conceptual support in cluster analysis
　　how does cluster analysis work?
　　a simple example
　　objective versus subjective considerations
　　cluster analysis decision process
　　stage 1: objectives of cluster analysis
　　stage 2: research design in cluster analysis
　　stage 3: assumptions in cluster analysis
　　stage 4: deriving clusters and assessing overall fit
　　stage 5: interpretation of the clusters
　　stage 6: validation and profiling of the clusters
　　an illustrative example
　　stage 1: objectives of the cluster analysis
　　stage 2: research design of the cluster analysis
　　stage 3: assumptions in cluster analysis
　　employing hierarchical and nonhierarchical methods
　　step 1: hierarchical cluster analysis (stage 4)
　　step 2: nonhierarchical cluster analysis (stages 4, 5, and6)
　　summary 561 . questions 563 . suggested readings
　　references
　chapter 10 mds and correspondence analysis
　　what is multidimensional scaling?
　　comparing objects
　　dimensions: the basis for comparison
　　a simplified look at how mds works
　　gathering similarity judgments
　　creating a perceptual map
　　interpreting the axes
　　comparing mds to other interdependence techniques
　　individual as the unit of analysis
　　lack of a variate
　　a decision framework for perceptual mapping
　　stage 1: objectives of mds
　　key decisions in setting objectives
　　stage 2: research design of mds
　　selection of either a decompositional (attribute-free)
　　or compositional (attribute-based) approach
　　objects: their number and selection
　　nonmetric versus metric methods
　　collection of similarity or preference data
　　stage 3: assumptions of mds analysis
　　stage 4: deriving the mds solution and assessing overallfit
　　determining an object’s position in the perceptual map
　　selecting the dimensionality of the perceptual map
　　incorporating preferences into mds
　　stage 5: interpreting the mds results
　　identifying the dimensions
　　stage 6: validating the mds results
　　issues in validation
　　approaches to validation
　　overview of multidimensional scaling
　　correspondence analysis
　　distinguishing characteristics
　　differences from other multivariate techniques
　　a simple example of ca
　　a decision framework for correspondence analysis
　　stage 1: objectives of ca
　　stage 2: research design of ca
　　stage 3: assumptions in ca
　　stage 4: deriving ca results and assessing overall fit
　　stage 5: interpretation of the results
　　stage 6: validation of the results
　　overview of correspondence analysis
　　illustrations of mds and correspondence analysis
　　stage 1: objectives of perceptual mapping
　　identifying objects for inclusion
　　basing the analysis on similarity or preference data
　　using a disaggregate or aggregate analysis
　　stage 2: research design of the perceptual mapping study
　　selecting decompositional or compositional methods
　　selecting firms for analysis
　　nonmetric versus metric methods
　　collecting data for mds
　　collecting data for correspondence analysis
　　stage 3: assumptions in perceptual mapping
　　multidimensional scaling: stages 4 and 5
　　stage 4: deriving mds results and assessing overall fit
　　stage 5: interpretation of the results
　　overview of the decompositional results
　　correspondence analysis: stages 4 and 5
　　stage 4: estimating a correspondence analysis
　　stage 5: interpreting ca results
　　overview of ca
　　stage 6: validation of the results
　　a managerial overview of mds results
　　summary 623 . questions 625 . suggested readings
　　references
section iv structural equations modeling
　chapter 11 sem: an introduction
　　what is structural equation modeling?
?　estimation of multiple interrelated dependencerelationships
　　incorporating latent variables not measured directly
　　defining a model
　　sem and other multivariate techniques
　　similarity to dependence techniques
　　similarity to interdependence techniques
　　the emergence of sem
　　the role of theory in structural equation modeling
　　specifying relationships
　　establishing causation
　　developing a modeling strategy
　　a simple example of sem
　　the research question
　　setting up the structural equation model for path analysis
　　the basics of sem estimation and assessment
　　six stages in structural equation modeling
　　stage 1: defining individual constructs
　　operationalizing the construct
　　pretesting
　　stage 2: developing and specifying the measurement model
　　sem notation
　　creating the measurement model
　　stage 3: designing a study to produce empirical results
　　issues in research design
　　issues in model estimation
　　stage 4: assessing measurement model validity
　　the basics of goodness-of-fit
　　absolute fit indices
　　incremental fit indices
　　parsimony fit indices
　　problems associated with using fit indices
　　unacceptable model specification to achieve fit
　　guidelines for establishing acceptable and unacceptable fit
　　stage 5: specifying the structural model
　　stage 6: assessing the structural model validity
　　structural model gof
　　competitive fit
　　comparison to the measurement model
　　testing structural relationships
　　summary 678 . questions 680 . suggested readings
　　appendix 11a: estimating relationships using path analysis
　　appendix 11b: sem abbreviations
　　appendix 11c: detail on selected gof indices
　　references
　chapter 12 applications of sem
　　part 1: confirmatory factor analysis
　　cfa and exploratory factor analysis
　　a simple example of cfa and sem
　　a visual diagram
　　sem stages for testing measurement theory validation withcfa
　　stage 1: defining individual constructs
　　stage 2: developing the overall measurement model
　　unidimensionality
　　congeneric measurement model
　　items per construct
　　reflective versus formative constructs
　　stage 3: designing a study to produce empirical results
　　measurement scales in cfa
　　sem and sampling
　　specifying the model
　　issues in identification
　　avoiding identification problems
　　problems in estimation
　　stage 4: assessing measurement model validity
　　assessing fit
　　path estimates
　　construct validity
　　model diagnostics
　　summary example
　　cfa illustration
　?stage 1: defining individual constructs
　　stage 2: developing the overall measurement model
　　stage 3: designing a study to produce empirical results
　　stage 4: assessing measurement model validity
　　hbat cfa summary
　　part 2: what is a structural model?
　　a simple example of a structural model
　　an overview of theory testing with sem
　　stages in testing structural theory
　　one-step versus two-step approaches
　　stage 5: specifying the structural model
　　unit of analysis
　　model specification using a path diagram
　　designing the study
　　stage 6: assessing the structural model validity
　　understanding structural model fit from cfa fit
　　examine the model diagnostics
　　sem illustration
　　stage 5: specifying the structural model
　　stage 6: assessing the structural model validity
　　part 3: extensions and applications of sem
　　reflective versus formative measures
　　reflective versus formative measurement theory
　　operationalizing a formative construct
　　distinguishing reflective from formative constructs
　　which to use—reflective or formative?
　　higher-order factor analysis
　　empirical concerns
　　theoretical concerns
　　using second-order measurement theories
　　when to use higher-order factor analysis
　　multiple groups analysis
　　measurement model comparisons
　　structural model comparisons
　　measurement bias
　　model specification
　　model interpretation
　　relationship types: mediation and moderation
　　mediation
　　moderation
　　longitudinal data
　　additional covariance sources: timing
　　using error covariances to represent added covariance
　　partial least squares
　　characteristics of pls
　　advantages and disadvantages of pls
　　choosing pls versus sem
　　summary 778 . questions 781 . suggested readings
references
index